4 out of 10 cancers are preventable (Credits: iStock)
Cancer is often associated with genetics, age and factors beyond our control. However, a major global analysis by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) highlights just how much of the disease burden could be avoided by addressing preventable risks. According to the findings, nearly 4 in 10 new cancer cases worldwide could potentially be prevented.
Published in Nature Medicine, the study estimates that 37% of all new cancer cases diagnosed in 2022, amounting to approximately 7.1 million cases, were linked to 30 modifiable risk factors. Researchers analysed data from 185 countries and 36 cancer types, making this one of the most comprehensive assessments of preventable cancer risks.
Factors That People Need To Pay Attention To
1. Tobacco Consumption
Tobacco emerged as the single largest preventable contributor to cancer worldwide, accounting for approximately 15% of all new cases. Smoking is strongly associated with lung cancer, but tobacco use also increases the risk of cancers affecting the mouth, throat, oesophagus and several other organs. Avoiding cigarettes, bidis and other tobacco products, including smokeless tobacco, is among the most important preventive measures.
2. Cancer-Causing Infections
Infections accounted for approximately 10% of new cancer cases globally. Certain viruses and bacteria can trigger changes in the body that eventually lead to cancer. These include human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B and C viruses, and Helicobacter pylori. HPV vaccination and hepatitis B vaccination, where recommended, can help prevent associated cancers.
3. Alcohol Consumption
Alcohol was responsible for around 3% of new cancer cases worldwide. Regular alcohol consumption is associated with cancers of the breast, liver, mouth, throat and digestive tract. Reducing or avoiding alcohol can lower exposure to this preventable risk factor.
Inactivity as a risk factor for cancer (Credits: iStock)
4. Excess Body Weight, Physical Inactivity And Unhealthy Diets
High body mass index and insufficient physical activity also contribute to preventable cancers. Maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly and following a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables can help reduce certain cancer risks.
5. Environmental And Occupational Exposures
Air pollution, ultraviolet radiation and exposure to cancer-causing substances at workplaces are other important contributors. Limiting excessive UV exposure, using sun protection, improving indoor and outdoor air quality, and ensuring safer working environments can help reduce these risks.
Which Cancers Could Be Prevented?
The analysis found that lung, stomach and cervical cancers together accounted for nearly half of preventable cancer cases worldwide. Smoking and air pollution were major contributors to lung cancer, H. pylori infection was linked to stomach cancer, while HPV was the leading cause of cervical cancer.
The larger message is clear that not every cancer is preventable, but a significant proportion of cases are linked to factors that can be addressed. WHO emphasises that prevention, vaccination, healthier environments and evidence-based public health measures could help prevent millions of diagnoses worldwide.
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